28 Jul 2013

Sun-Origin

The Sun.. A visible god in the universe. The relationship between the earth and the sun is undescribable. Sun is an icon of Energy. With a radius 110 times that of Earth and a mass 330,000 times greater, the sun reigns as the center of the solar system. The gravitational pull of the fierce, stormy ball of gas holds earth orbit, and its emissions power the Earth-atmosphere systems on which our lives depend. As the source of almost all the energy in our world, it holds the key to many of our questions about Earth and sky. Geographers examine the relationship between the sun and Earth to explain such earthly phenomena as the alternating periods of light and dark that is referred to as day and night. Other relationships between the Earth and sun also help to explain seasonal variations in climate. The sun is responsible for day and night and the changing seasons. The seasons are also caused by the relationship between the Earth and sun. In this case, the spinning of the Earth is not the important factor; rather, it’s that the Earth revolves around the sun. Because the earth’s axis is inclined, or tilted (23 and a half degrees, to be exact), sometimes the Northern Hemisphere tilts towards the sun (in June), and sometimes the Southern Hemisphere does in December. As far as people know with certainty that within the solar system, only the Earth has the energy from the sun that has been used to create life that can grow, develop, reproduce, and eventually die.
Earth receives about 1/2,000,000,000 (one two billionth) of the radiation given off by the sun, but even this tiny amount drives the biological and physical characteristics of Earth’s surface. Other bodies in the solar system receive some of the sun’s radiant energy, but the vast proportion of it travels out through space unimpeded. The sun’s energy is the most important factor determining environmental conditions on Earth. With the exception of geothermal heat sources such as volcanic eruptions and geyser springs and heat emitted by radioactive minerals, the sun remains the source of all the energy for Earth and atmospheric systems. The intimate and life-producing relationship between Earth and sun is the result of the amount and disruption of radiant energy received from the sun. Such factors are our planets size, its distance from the sun, its atmosphere, the movement of the Earth around the sun and the planet’s rotation on an axis all affect the amount of radiant energy that earth receives. Though some processes of the physical environment results from Earth forces not related to the sun, those processes would have little relevance were it not for the life-giving, life-sustaining energy of the sun. The Earth revolves around the sun at an average distance of 150 million kilometers (93 million miles). The sun’s size and its distance from the Earth challenge geographers’ comprehensions. About 130 million Earths could fit inside the sun, and plane flying at 500 miles per hour would take 21 years to reach the sun.
Then we coming to look at `Sun-Origin` (Land of The Rising Sun) Japan..One of the most significant and perceptible booms recently is one that utilizing solar energy.
In the last decade a collection of photovoltaic cell panels have began to appear mostly everywhere, via the rooftops of homes, businesses, airport terminals, large factories and schools. The most interesting thing about this obvious growth though has been the large number of new homes having solar energy being incorporated into their designs. It’s amazing to see houses being retrofitted with solar panels on their rooftops across Japan. The country took the lead as the nation producing the majority power from solar energy, a lead which has expanded during the years with production passing 1.13 million kilowatts during the year of 2005. Similar to the case during the 1960s, it’s the exports that are obtaining the headlines, although it’s domestic demand that is actually countersigning the “Solar Boom”. The number one market leader in solar energy in Japan is Sharp Corporation, this industry have reinvested deeply into their production capacity, other manufactures of solar energy are mobilizing into the business as high demand continues to rise exponentially in the market, passing 20% in the growth rates. Most of the solar panels produced in Japan are sold and implemented in Japan itself. Two years ago, 100,000 households have had solar panel systems installed. Today, more than 200,000 Japanese homes have solar energy technology currently running.
As of now, the Japanese government is dynamically stimulating the market through a range of inducements, and the main objective is to increase the amount of electrical energy produced by solar power via last year’s 1.13 million kilowatts to 4.8 million kilowatts in just four years from now. Whereas a definite percentage of that will be going through industrial production, a large significant amount will be via regular homes.

11 Jul 2013

Water Vision


Water, one of the most valuable free gift of nature and part and parcel of life saving gas oxygen, is the life and blood of all creatures of earth without which none can survive. Water, as referred in Vedas and other socio-economic documents, consists of ecological, biological, geological, social, physical, religious, political and cultural values. Today, water scarcity has emerged as global problem consequently, more informed approach is being recognised and articulated all over the globe.India has been facing acute water crises despite its adequacy with growing needs on account of rapid population growth, economic development, pollution and climatic changes. She has been the victim of recurring floods and droughts in maximum part of its geographical areas.
• As per surveys efficiency in water use was mere 40 per cent in India, while it was around 60 per cent in many other countries. so, now inter-linking of rivers is the only major solution.

Thus, for the permanent solution of severe and recurring droughts and floods and scarcity of drinking water the connectivity of Indian rivers has been suggested as quite essential. Keeping in view the various issues like environmental, social, economic, political and inter-state conflicts, International conflicts of rivers water sharing etc., the interlinking of rivers in India is the only solution.The idea behind river interlinking is based on the fact that an enormous amount of water from rivers flows into the sea. It is envisaged that if this is prevented and water is transferred from water surplus rivers deficit, there will be adequate supply of water for everyone in every part of the country. Former President A P J Abdul Kalam opined the same that there was a greater need for inter-linking of rivers in the country to tackle the water crisis. Rivers like Cauvery, Krishna, Tungabhadra and others needed to be inter-linked to solve the severe problem of water crisis. If we can, regional imbalances could be reduced significantly and lot of benefits by way of additional irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, navigational facilities etc. would accrue.

The concept of river interlinking is not new because, during the tenure of Mughal the Yamuna and Agra Canal was constructed. Through these canals the water from Himalaya is made available to Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. India plans to develop its water resources by interlinking its Himalayan rivers with those in the peninsular region through 30 interlinking canal systems. Already, the project has raised controversy and debate. Interlinking rivers is now a matter of South Asian proportions. It had to be. After all, India's rivers pass through neighbouring countries as well.

Inter Basin Water Transfers in Some Countries: Many large-scale water transfer schemes have been planned and implemented in other countries also. In Canada, sixteen inter basin water transfer schemes have been implemented for hydropower development.

In United States, the California's State Water Project, first phase of which was completed in 1973, provides for the diversion of 4 cubic km of flow from better-watered northern California to the drier central and southern parts of the State. The conveyance system comprises of 715 km long California Aqueduct, a complex system of lined and unlined canals, pumping stations, siphons and tunnels. The lift involved is nearly 1,000 m.

The Texas Water Plan envisages redistribution of water in Texas and New Mexico to meet the needs of the year 2020.

Similarly, the waters of the Colorado river (an international river between USA and Mexico) are being supplied outside the basin to the Imperial valley in California.

Major existing and under construction inter basin transfers in Canada include Kemano, Churchill Diversion, Well and Canal, James Bay, Churchill Falls, Bay d' Espoir etc. Proposed inter basin transfers in Canada include Ogoki, Long Lake (for transfer within Canada) and North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA), Grand Canal Concept, Canadian Water, Magnum Plan, Central North American Water Project (CeNAWP), Smith Plan etc. for transfer from Canada to USA.

In Mexico, for the Mexico city water supply, transfer of ground waters from the Lerma basin was completed in 1958. The Water Plan for the North Western Region (PLHINO) conceived a set of inter basin transfers within the Noroeste region.

Mahaveli-Ganga Project of Srilanka includes several inter basin transfer links.

Inter basin transfer projects have also been planned and implemented in China and former USSR. A notable scheme executed in the USSR is Irtysh Karganda scheme in the central Kazakhistan. The link canal is about 450 km long with a maximum capacity of 75 cumec. Lift involved is 14 to 22 m. There is another plan to transfer 90,000 Mcum of water from the north flowing river to the area in south. Other proposals include partial redistribution of water resources of northern rivers and lakes of European part to the Caspian Sea basin involving 2 M. Ha. m of water.

The Lingua Canal was completed in China in 214 BC and the Grand Canal was completed in 605 AD. Recently completed projects in China include Biliuha - Dalian inter basin water supply system, Trans basin transfer of Luhana River to Tiajian and Tengshan, Inter basin diversion of Guanglong province and Inter basin diversions of Fujian province. Diversion of Quiantang river water, diversion of Yellow river surpluses and South to North transfer projects with the West route, Middle route and East route are other proposed projects.

7 Jul 2013

Mandela`s Photographs

Fusion



హైడ్రోజన్ Fusion స్పందనలు



శక్తి చాలా కులుంబ్ అడ్డంకి అధిగమించడానికి మరియు హైడ్రోజన్ కలయిక ప్రారంభించడానికి అవసరం ఉన్నప్పటికీ, శక్తి దిగుబడి నిరంతర పరిశోధన ప్రోత్సహించడానికి తగినంత ఉంటాయి. భూమిపై హైడ్రోజన్ కలయిక చర్యల వినియోగం చేయగలిగితే:


ఈ చర్యల శక్తి వనరుల కోసం తారలు ప్రోటాన్-ప్రోటాన్ కలయిక కంటే ఆశాజనకంగా. వీటిలో డ్యుటీరియం-ట్రిటియంలో కలయిక చాలా మంచి కనిపిస్తుంది మరియు చాలా ప్రయోగాలు అంశమైంది. ఒక డ్యుటీరియం-డ్యుటీరియం రియాక్టర్ లో, మరొక చర్య కూడా ఒక డ్యుటీరియం చక్రం సృష్టించడం, సంభవిస్తుంది:


5 Jul 2013

The Copernican (Heliocentric, or Sun-centered) Model of the Solar System



Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish astronomer, mathematician, and canon
Modeled the movements of the Sun, the Moon, and the five known planets in the skies above, using a heliocentric system of orbits.
Born: 1473 in Torun, Poland
Died: 1543 in Frombork, Poland
An illustrationof the heliocentric model of the solar system, from the Harmonia Macrocosmica star atlas of Dutch-German cartographer Andreas Cellarius, circa 1660.
Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) developed a comprehensive method of recording precise observations of the skies, before the advent of the telescope. His many detailed observations included:
  • the discovery of a supernova (a new star, to all appearances, which shone brightly and then faded away) in the heavens, in 1572
  • measurements of parallax for comets, showing that they were further away than the Moon
  • extensive measurements of the position of Mars in the skies; these data led in time to Kepler's three laws of planetary motion
  • the most detailed measurements of stellar parallax to date, which still showed no effect
Tycho proposed an intermediate model of the universe, where the Earth was still the center point, but the other planets were allowed to rotate around the Sun as it rotated around the Earth. This was an intermediate solution, designed to explain the observational evidence that the planets moved around the Sun while preserving the sacrosanct notion that the Earth was the center of the Universe. Copernicus was willing to move one step further away from orthodoxy. By removing the Earth from its central position he freed the orbital paths of the planets from the extremely convoluted models of the Ptolmeic system, paving the way for Kepler's laws of elegant symmetry.

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