The Death Road

`The Death Road,` is located in the Yungas region in Bolivia. It is (alternatively known as Grove's Road, Coroico Road, Camino de las Yungas, Road of fate or Death Road) a 61-or-69-kilometre (38 or 43 mi) road leading from La Paz to Coroico, 56 kilometres (35 mi) northeast of La Paz in the Yungas region of Bolivia. This road is amongst the few that connect northern Bolivia to the Amazon rainforest region. The road consists of a single lane that is no more than 10 feet with no guard rails. There are extreme drop-offs that make the drive very dangerous, especially having no railings to stop you from falling. According to the Inter-American Development Bank, this is the “world’s most dangerous road.” There has been thousands of people that have died driving on this road. The weather contributes to making the drive very dangerous. Fog, dust and rain can reduce visibility. In 2006, construction was done to this road; bridges, drainage, rails, and multiple lanes with pavement have been put in to make it safer for drivers to travel.

Rabbit-sized Camel

The earliest known camel was the rabbit-sized Camel (Protylopus), 45 million years ago. This was a forest-dweller, similar in appearance and lifestyle to modern duikers and chevrotains. It had four-toed feet with hoofed, unguligrade toes that is, they walked on the very tips of their toes. The hindlimbs were longer than the front limbs for quick acceleration and brief bursts of speed through the forest undergrowth. Lower limb bones show the beginnings of elongation and weight reduction for more efficient running, with the radius and ulna of older individuals completely fusing over time.  Protylopus that fed on tender leaves, fruits, and possibly invertebrates. Lived in North America during the Eocene. It was about the size of a RABBIT and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota. By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas. 

At Present Camels originally evolved from the animal ‘protylopus’. Eventually they found their way into Asia where they now thrive in the millions. Their unique biological functions and structure makes them well adapted to dry desert areas and are often called ‘the ship of the desert’. Camels belong to the family camelidae and are closely related to other animals in this family such as llamas and alpacas. Depending on the species of the animal, camels can have either one hump or two. They are found mainly in the desert regions of the Middle East, Africa and Asia. 

The biology of Camels

 The average adult camel is 7 feet tall; the humps add a foot or so to the height. A running camel can reach speeds of up to 65 kmph, which is why the camel racing sport is so popular. For the following reasons, the camel has often been termed 'the ship of the desert'.

The most striking feature of a camel is – you guessed it – its hump. These are located on the animal's back and while popularly believed to store water, the humps are actually made up of fatty tissue. This keeps the fat, and hence heat away from the rest of the body, helping the camel deal with the harsh desert temperature. This tissue (when converted by the oxygen acquired through breathing) helps provide the camel with energy. Camels can survive for very long periods without drinking water. At one go, they can consume up to 150 litres of water! This seemingly unbelievable feat is made possible through the size of the animals' red blood cells, which unlike any other mammal, are oval and not round. These strong cells allow for the storage of such a tremendous amount of water without bursting. When the animals breathe, the water that would be lost into the air is directed back into the body with the help of the camel's nostrils.

Easily Survive

Camels can withstand gruelling temperatures – up to 41 °C in the daytime and 34 °C at night. As a result, the animals rarely sweat, which means less water loss.The eyelashes of the camel are longer than found in other animals and served to protect the eyes from the blowing sand. The nostrils can also close for the same purpose. Camel legs are long so that their bodies are not close to the hot desert sand. Even the hide or skin of the animal protects it from the sand.Since camels live in deserts, their mouths have become adapted to eating cacti and thorny bushes. Camels have a single toe and wider feet than most other animals which makes walking on sand a lot easier for them. Their style of walking also keeps them from sinking into the sand with every step they take.

Camel's milk may treat Aids, cancer

The Arab Science and Technology Foundation that is working on a project to produce recombinant RNA from antibodies found in camel's milk to treat several diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's and hepatitis C, apart from Aids, plans to approach American and European pharmacological organisations.Microbial diseases including leptospirosis, glanders, epizootic ulcertaive syndrome, lymphangitis, mastitis, pasteurellosis, paratuberculosis, tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene clostridia, the plague and the rickettsias also appear to be of very minor importance to the camel in comparison to other domestic animals.The relatively low molecular weight of the camel's heavy chain antibodies and certainly the recombinant VHH derived from these heavy chain antibodies, confer a big advantage here compared to common human antibodies.The camel antibodies have the same antigen affinity as normal antibodies consisting of light and heavy chains, but are much smaller. Moreover, the comparative simplicity, high affinity and specificity and the potential to reach and interact with active sites, camel's heavy chain antibodies present advantages over common antibodies in the design, production and application of clinically valuable compounds.Two years will be needed to prove curative effectiveness of drugs generated from camel milk on human beings said Arab scientists.The experimental phase of any drugs takes between eight and 10 years,To guarantee a 100 per cent curative effectiveness and clearance from side effects.

Chronic Disease Cancer

The body part or cell where abnormal growth begins is called as Cancer. Cancer is a group of more then 100 diseases that begin when abnormal cells in the body grow out of control. Normally, cells grow and divide to create new cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes this does not work properly and cancer forms. Most cancers are named ... For example, cancer in the breast is called breast cancer. 

Cancer is a very common disease now a days. General risk factors for cancer include; older age, a personal family history of cancer, using tobacco, some types of viral infections (such as HPV), specific chemicals and exposure to radiation (including ultra violet radiation). Although risk-factors like using tobacco, being over weight, and getting sunburns can be avoided. Other risk-factors cannot be controlled or avoided such as getting old. A risk-factor is anything that increases a person’s likelihood of developing cancer, although risk-factors often influence the development of cancer. Some people with several risk-factors never develop cancer, while others with no non risk-factors do. Knowing your risk-factors, discussing them with your doctor and having a detailed family history taking by your doctor may help you make more informed lifestyle choices. In general terms, risk is the probabilities that an event will happen. When talking about cancer, risk is most often used to describe the chance that a person will develop cancer. Knowing this information not only helps you make more informed decisions about your health, but it also helps researchers and oncologists improve the health of large numbers of people. For example, discovering that people who smoke have a higher risk of lung cancer then people who don’t smoke jump started a world wide campaign to encourage people to quit smoking or to not begin to smoke. Absolute Risk is the chance that a person will develop a disease during a given period of time. This is helpful for determining how many people are at risk. For example, the statement one out of eight women (12.5%) will develop breast cancer describes the absolute risk for the general population of women. This number only relates to the general population. Women older then 70 have a higher risk of breast cancer then younger women because breast cancer risk increases with age. Risk-factors that a person can control are called modifiable risk-factors. Many other factors in our environment, diet, and lifestyle may cause or prevent cancer. Not smoking or quitting smoking lowers the risk of getting cancer. It is believed that cigarette smoking causes about 30% of all cancer deaths in the United States. People who are physically active have a lower risk of certain cancers than those who are not. The food that you eat on a regular basis makes up your diet. It is hard to study the effects of diet on cancer because a person’s diet includes foods that may protect against cancer and foods that may increase the risk of cancer. Physical activity, diet, and abstance from cigarette smoking are all a good way of prevention from cancer.

Stephen Haw`king`

There are many people who could be nominated for their artistic contributions, advances in technology, medical contributions and scientific advances. But one person Through his disability he proved genius. Stephen Hawking Even with being diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), he has provided ground breaking work in cosmology and physics. He has written several different books to allow science more attainable to the average person.

Stephen Hawking was the oldest of four children, born to Frank and Isobel Hawking on the 8th of January, 1942 in Oxford England. He was born on the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo. This has been a large source of pride for Hawking. He was born into a smart family his mother was one of the first female students at Oxford University. His father was also a graduate of Oxford, being a well known researcher of medicine, his specialty in tropical diseases.  Stephen was seen as a bright child but was not an exceptional student. He was more interested in things outside of school. He enjoyed board games and even constructed a computer out of recycled parts to solve rudimentary mathematical equations. At the age of 17 he enrolled into Oxford University. Stephen finally told his father he did not want to study medicine and instead expressed his desire to study mathematics. Oxford did not off a degree in mathematics so Stephen decided to study physics and more intently cosmology. Stephen did not put that much time into his school work, but this didn’t matter for he graduated with honors. Once he graduated he changed schools and started to study at Cambridge University to get a PhD in cosmology. In 1963 Stephen went to see a doctor to perform some tests after his dad was noticing symptoms. Finally after awhile he was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. The doctors told him that he had about two-and-half years to live. This really was devastating for him and his family to hear, but this made him focus more. He married Jane Wilde in 1965, and put more focus into his work and research.

Awards-Honour

Stephen Hawking is known widely for the way he helped the world understand black holes and the universe. With all his research, in 1974 he was turned into a celebrity inside the scientific world when he revealed that black holes are not an information vacuum that they were once thought to be. Instead Hawking showed how that matter, in the form of radiation may escape the force of gravity from a collapsed star. With this explanation, Hawking Radiation was created. This announcement sent major excitement through the world of science and put Stephen on the path where he has received notoriety, honors, and distinguished titles. The following year after making this announcement he was given the Albert Einstein Award, and was honored with the Pius XI Gold Medal for Science, given to him by Pope Paul VI. After this he began to do some teaching as well. He was a visiting professor for a year at Caltech in Pasadena CA. From there he moved on to teach at Gonville and Caius College in Cambridge England. 

Severe Illness

While Hawking first began to notice problems with his physical health while he was at Oxford—on occasion he would trip and fall, or slur his speech—he didn't look into the problem until 1963, during his first year at Cambridge. Eventually, however, doctors did inform the Hawkings about what was ailing their son: He was in the early stages of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease). In a very simple sense, the nerves that controled his muscles were shutting down. While physical control over his body diminished (he'd be forced to use a wheelchair by 1969), the effects of his disease started to slow down. In mid the mid 1970s, his physical state was becoming more and more severe. He could do little things like eat, or get out of bed, but almost everything else required help from others. In 1985 Hawking lost his voice after a tracheotomy operation. This greatly hampered Hawking to do his work. So a computer programmer who created a speaking program that could be directed by head or eye movement sent his invention to Hawking to help him out. When he first was using the device, Hawking would select words with a hand-held clicker. But now with very little control of his body, the program works off of a cheek muscle that is attached to a sensor. Even with this Hawking has been able to continue his writing at a good rate with the help of his assistants. Since 1988 Hawking has written numerous books. On book, “A Brief History of Time” spent more than four years on top of the London Sunday Times’ bestseller list.

Steven Hawking has been trying to one day make it into outer space. In 2007 he became the first paraplegic to experience weightlessness at the age of 65. Hawking is at some point scheduled to fly to the edge of space as one of Sir Richard Branson’s pioneer tourists. He believes that the human race will not continue if we do not go into space. Hawking has spoken out against God, saying that the Big Bang was inevitable due to the laws of physics. In his most recent work Hawking has set out to challenge Isaac Newton’s belief that the universe had to of been designed by God.

Personal Life

The most significant change in his life was the fact that he was in love. At a New Year's party in 1963, shortly before he had been diagnosed with ALS, Hawking met a young languages undergraduate named Jane Wilde. They were married in 1965.

In a sense, Hawking's disease helped him become the noted scientist he is today. Before the diagnosis, Hawking hadn't always focused on his studies. "I was bored with life before my illness," he said. "There had not seemed to be anything worth doing." With the sudden realization that he might not even live long enough to earn his Ph.D., Hawking poured himself into his work and research.

Research on Black Holes

Groundbreaking findings from another young cosmologist, Roger Penrose, about the fate of stars and the creation of black holes tapped into Hawking's own fascination with how the universe began. This set him on a career course that reshaped the way the world thinks about black holes and the universe.

While physical control over his body diminished (he'd be forced to use a wheelchair by 1969), the effects of his disease started to slow down. In 1968, a year after the birth of his son Robert, Hawking became a member of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge.

The next few years were a fruitful time for Hawking. A daughter, Lucy, was born to Stephen and Jane in 1969, while Hawking continued with his research (a third child, Timothy, arrived 10 years later). He then published his first book, the highly technical The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (1975). He also teamed up with Penrose to expand upon his friend's earlier work.

“My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.”
—Stephen Hawking

animals dreamed the way we do

Animals seem to dream, and studies show that animals' brains follow the same series of sleeping states as ours do, this is the researchers know what animals are dreaming about.Animals have complex dreams and are able to retain and recall long sequences of events while they are asleep, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)researchers report. `No one knew for certain that animals dreamed the way we do, which can involve replaying events or at least components of events that occurred while we were awake,`said Matthew Wilson of MIT's Center for Learning and Memory. `We looked at the firing patterns of a collection of individual cells to determine the content of rats' dreams. We know that they are in fact dreaming and their dreams are connected to actual experiences.`Wilson says that this new ability to eavesdrop on the sleeping brain provides a basis for analyzing the content of dream states. It could be a valuable tool in treating memory disorders such as amnesia or Alzheimer's disease, or it may help devise ways for people to learn and memorize more effectively.Why do animals dream about one experience and not another?This also raises questions about long-held assumptions about animals' thought processes. Only a handful of species — among them chimps and dolphins — were thought to have any ability at all to recall and evaluate detailed sequences of events after they occurred. Wilson points out that `dreams are the ultimate off-line experience. This work demonstrates that animals are capable of re-evaluating their experiences when they are not in the midst of them.`

Sun Starfish

Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea. Common usage frequently finds these names being also applied to ophiuroids, which are correctly referred to as brittle stars or "basket stars". sea stars have an eye spot at the end of each arm. While they can't see as well as we do. The five-armed varieties of sea star are the most well known, not all sea stars have 5 arms. Some have many more. Take the sun star for instance, which has up to 40 arms!  This is a very simple eye that looks like a red spot. The eye doesn't see much detail, but can sense light and dark. The heart beats about six times a minute and is at the apex of a vertical channel (the axial vessel) that connects the three rings. Speaking of prey, sea stars have a rather unique way of eating theirs. A sea star's mouth is on its underside. They prey on bivalves like mussels and clams, as well as small fish, snails, and barnacles.Instead of blood, sea stars have a water vascular system, in which the sea star pumps sea water through its sieve plate, or madreporite, into its tube feet to extend them. Muscles within the tube feet retract them.This starfish have five-point radial symmetry, which means that their body plan has five sections (or multiples thereof) arranged around a central disk.They are not fish. They do not have gills, scales, or fins like fish do and they move quite differently from fish. While fish propel themselves with their tails, sea stars have tiny tube feet to help them move along.There are about 2,000 species of sea stars. Some live in the intertidal zone, some in deep water, some in tropical areas, some in cold water. Muscles within the tube feet retract them. Many starfish wear striking colors that camouflage them or scare off potential attackers. They use color, pattern and texture to camouflage on sand, coral, rocks and the ocean floor. Some starfish also have the ability to change colors to camouflage themselves from other enemies.

world's first news-reading robot

People really wondering it was a real news reader. She also twitched their eye brows, blinked and swayed her head from side-to-side.just as you’d expect with real newscasters. However, she also delivered it without much facial movement, leaving her looking like a ventriloquist without a dummy. As for her body movements, it seemed as if she might’ve put her back out shortly before delivering the bulletin. Robot-powered news readers have been unveiled by scientists in Japan.'kodomo' meaning child and android - delivered news to viewers in Tokyo. The unveiling in Japan recently of the first ever news-reading android. Actually, having seen the robot in action, there really is no need for any quaking. Kodomoroid (‘Childroid’) was shown off at Tokyo’s National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation as part of an exhibition examining the relationship between robots and humans. Together with another android called Otonaroid (‘Adultroid’), the pair were shown off by Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory at the Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering Science. His moving mannequin could pull more than 60 different facial expressions. While at the museum, Kodomoroid and Otonaroid will also interact with visitors to help Ishiguro gather data for a study looking at how humans deal with and respond to robots. In the demonstration, the newsreading android - which scientists claim is the world's first - spoke smoothly and moved her lips in time to a voice-over.The Osaka professor has been developing androids for the last 20 years and is keen to see the technology used in a wider range of roles in the future. 

SAR

Choosing a smartphone, and then we focus on its technical and cost characteristics. And hardly anyone pays attention to the fact, what level of radiation has a particular model. World found some harmless modern smartphones.

Radiation level of mobile devices are usually denoted acronym SAR. SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) – is the specific absorption coefficient of the human body of electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone. SAR is the unit of measurement of watts / kilogram. To mobile phone received a certificate of conformity of an organization, depending on the country of production, it must meet certain standards. In the U.S., certification by Federal Communications Commission and Communications (FCC), in Canada this procedure by the Ministry of Industry (IC). These countries have adopted the norm value up to 1.6 W / kg per 1 gram of tissue mass. In countries outside the European Union, the rate of SAR is 2 W / kg, but the calculation is made on 10 grams of tissue.

lowest level of radiation

Typically, parameter SAR neglected. Shops and online sites in the description of a particular model indicate all options except this one. And all because of that finding, what level of SAR, is not so simple. So, if the models of Samsung and Nokia easier (their SAR can be found on the official website or through the technical support service), other manufacturers specify this option only in the manual, which is issued when buying a smartphone. Having dealt with the fact that a SAR, as it is measured, and that affects its level, we wanted to find out which one on the market today is the apparatus `harmless` and compiled a rating.

The first hand-held cell phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 4.4 pounds (2 kg). In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from zero to over 7 billion, penetrating 100% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2014, the top cell phone manufacturers were Samsung, Nokia, Apple, and LG and Sony.

Osmium

Osmium is a hard but brittle metal that remains lustrous even at high temperatures. It has a very low compressibility. Correspondingly, its bulk modulus is extremely high, reported between 395 and 462 GPa  (gigapascals -kN/mm2), which rivals that of diamond (443 GPa). The hardness of osmium is moderately high at 4 GPa.Because of its hardness, brittleness, low vapor pressure (the lowest of the platinum group metals), and very high melting point (the fourth highest of all elements), solid osmium is difficult to machine, form, or work.Osmium has a blue-gray tint and is the densest stable element, slightly denser than iridium.Calculations of density from the X-ray diffraction data may produce the most reliable data for these elements, giving a value of 22.562±0.009 g/cm3 for iridium versus 22.587±0.009 g/cm3 for osmium.Osmium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston in London, England.The discovery of osmium is intertwined with that of platinum and the other metals of the platinum group.Osmium (from Greek osme meaning "smell") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76.  Its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum group metals are employed in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and other applications where extreme durability and hardness are needed.Osmium is the least abundant stable element in Earth's crust with an average mass fraction of 50 parts per trillion in the continental crust.Within Earth's crust, osmium, like iridium, is found at highest concentrations in three types of geologic structure: igneous deposits (crustal intrusions from below), impact craters, and deposits reworked from one of the former structures. The largest known primary reserves are in the Bushveld igneous complex in South Africa,though the large copper–nickel deposits near Norilsk in Russia, and the Sudbury Basin in Canada are also significant sources of osmium. Smaller reserves can be found in the United States. Osmium tetroxide has been used in fingerprint detection and in staining fatty tissue for optical and electron microscopy. In 1898 an Austrian chemist, Auer von Welsbach, developed the Oslamp with a filament made of osmium, which he introduced commercially in 1902.The only known clinical use of osmium appears to be for synovectomy in arthritic patients in Scandinavia. It involves the local administration of osmium tetroxide (OsO4) which is a highly toxic compound. The lack of reports of long-term side effects suggest that osmium itself can be biocompatible, although this depends on the osmium compound administered. In 2011, osmium(VI)and osmium(II) compounds were reported to show anti cancer activity in vivo, it indicated a promising future for using osmium compounds as anti cancer drugs. Osmium is usually sold as a minimum 99.9% pure powder. Like other precious metals, it is measured by troy weight and by grams.

Its price in 2012 was about $400 per troy ounce (or about $13,000 per kilogram), depending on the quantity and its supplier.Osmium is one of the heaviest elements known; it is twice as heavy as lead and 22 times as heavy as water. It is also the least compressible material known. Osmium is a member of the platinum family of metals and is found in ores containing platinum. Osmium tetroxide, the most important osmium compound, is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is used to harden and stain microscope slides of biological specimens, and plays an important role in the synthesis of certain organic compounds, including cortisone. Osmium was discovered in 1804 by Smithson Tennant, a British chemist. Osmium metal remained as a residue when he dissolved crude platinum in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids). 

The name osmium is derived from osme, the Greek word for smell, in recognition of the strong, chlorinelike odor of osmium tetroxide.osmium Symbol: Os. Atomic number: 76. Atomic weight: 190.2. Specific gravity: 22.57. Hardness: 7.0. Melting point: about 5,520 F. (3,050 C.). Boiling point: about 9,000 F. (5,000 C.). Osmium has seven stable isotopes: Os-184, Os-186 through 190, and Os-192. It belongs to Group VIII of the Periodic Table, and its principal valences are +3, +4, +6, and +8.A vest made of osmium would be extremely expensive, pricing in at around $100/gram.

The ultimate success of the humanity

Kawasaki disease

Rarest of the rare disease..The `Kawasaki disease` (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is a form of vasculitis identified by an acute febrile illness with multiple systems affected. The cause is unknown, but autoimmunity, infection, and genetic predisposition are believed to be involved. It affects mostly children between ages 3 months and 8 years; 80% are younger than age 5. It occurs more commonly in Japanese children or those of Japanese decent. It has seasonal epidemics, usually in late winter and early spring. It was first described in 1967 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japan.Although Kawasaki disease is a multisystem disease, the cardiovascular system appears to be the primary site with coronary artery vasculitis, aneurysm development, thrombosis, and myocardial thrombosis progressing over days to weeks. Kawasaki disease is diagnosed off the presence of symptoms rather than the results of tests. Symptoms include: conjunctivitis, rash, adenopathy, strawberry tongue, and rash on palms and soles of hands and feet. Four of these symptoms must be present, in addition to a fever which has lasted more than 5 days to confirm a diagnosis. Learn about atypical Kawasaki disease, and how health professional treat the disease using intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and acetylsalicylic acid.Approximately 15% to 25% of patients develop cardiac complications (coronary thrombosis or rupture, myocardial infarction, heart failure, vasculitis of the aorta or peripheral arteries); however mortality is low. 

Air Way Gate

The Only Airport in the world Runway Intersecting a Road .A pair of flimsy-looking barriers closes vehicular traffic every time a plane lands or departs.Fortunately, it’s not a busy airport. It handles only about 60-70 flights a week, All flying to and from the United Kingdom.It heads towards the land border with Spain.The one and only amazing Airport Gibraltar or North Front Airport. A tiny peninsula with an area of only 6.8 square kilometres.The lack of flat space on Gibraltar means the peninsula's only runway is bisected by its busiest road, the Winston Churchill Avenue.It is a civilian airport that serves the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, The airport was constructed during World War II upon the territory's race course (introduced by the Maltese), when Gibraltar was an important naval base for the British.Originally opened in 1939, it was only an emergency airfield for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.However, the runway was later extended by reclaiming some land from the Bay of Gibraltar using rock blasted from the Rock of Gibraltar while carrying out works on military tunnels.This last major extension of the runway allowed larger aircraft to land at Gibraltar.In 2013 the airport handled 383,876 passengers and 351,867 kg of cargo on 3,564 total flights.Winston Churchill Avenue (the main road heading towards the land border with Spain) intersects the airport runway, and consequently has to be closed every time a plane lands or departs.The History Channel programme Most Extreme Airports ranked the airport the fifth most extreme airport in the world.Monarch is the largest operator at Gibraltar International, operating three weekly flights to London Luton, Manchester Airport and Birmingham.Both routes are operated by an Airbus A320-200. 

Aliens

Is there really life on other planets? And if so how long has it been there for? 75 million years of the most credible alien evidence here on Earth: from the age of the dinosaurs, to ancient Egypt, to the skies over the western desert in the present day US, ancient cave drawings of strange creatures, an asphalt-like substance in an Egyptian pyramid made from the remains of unidentified creatures, continued mass sightings in the US.World governments should prepare a co-ordinated action plan in case Earth is contacted by aliens, according to scientists.They argue that a branch of the UN must be given responsibility for "supra-Earth affairs" and formulate a plan for how to deal with extraterrestrials, should they appear.There is a strong belief  about aliens they are exist in the United States. Simon Conway Morris, a professor of evolutionary palaeobiology at Cambridge University said, is likely to be Darwinian in nature. And he argues that life anywhere else in the universe will therefore probably have important similarities with life on Earth – especially if it comes from Earth-like worlds that have similar biological molecules to ours. People see so many UFO’s are widely seen around the world .Even more widely around the U.S. more closely around areas near Area 51. Then US really hiding aliens? Area 51 has got to be restricted for something. In that military base, according to  bibliotecapleyades.net, there are over 30 levels that are above top secret. For many years now, area 51 is so restricted that not even the president is at a high enough rank to enter without someone keeping an eye on him. If Aliens are real! are they being hidden from us all?

The Inventor Of Dynamite

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer.He was the inventor of dynamite.Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as 'dynamite'. Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England.In 1888 Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published Alfred's obituary.It condemned him for his invention of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death.The obituary stated, Le marchand de la mort est mort ("The merchant of death is dead")and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday." Alfred was disappointed with what he read and concerned with how he would be remembered.

On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, to establish the five Nobel Prizes. This converted to GBP £1,687,837 at the time.

The Nobel Prize is an award for an extraordinary international achievement for mankind in the fields of science, literature, peace, medicine, or economics. It is awarded on December 10th on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel to whom this award is named. The award is decided to be given to a person (or people) who made an important achievement in their field the following year. The awards are decided to be given to people associated boards agree upon and has been given out since 1901.

Nobel Prize for physics has been given out since the start of this event. It is actually the first category mentioned in Alfred Nobel’s will. Physics at that time was considered the most important science. Alfred’s research even was closely tied to physics. This award is awarded by the Swedish Academy of sciences.

The Nobel Prize is not awarded every year for each field because some failed to make achievements so were not given out. The peace prize was not awarded for twenty nonconsecutive years. Physics for six, chemistry for eight, medicine for nine, literature for seven, and economic sciences zero. Forty four Nobel Prizes have been awarded to women. The youngest person to receive a Nobel Prize is Lawrence Bragg in physics, now Malala(17) from Pakistan as a awardee for Nobel Peace Prize. The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden.

Masters of water tech

Petra (The Red Rose City) was the glittering capital of the Nabataean empire of King Aretas IV (9 B.C. to 40 A.D.).It was On the edge of the Arabian Desert.One of the new seven wonders of the world.Arabian desert The Nabateans became extremely wealthy from the caravans, and the city grew to an estimated 30,000 people.The ancient desert city of Petra,Jordan An important center for commerce, where Arabian incense, Chinese silks, and Indian spices were traded.Petra as the capital of the Nabataeans and the center of their caravan trade. Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra not only possessed the advantages of a fortress, but controlled the main commercial routes which passed through it to Gaza in the west, to Bosra and Damascus in the north, to Aqaba and Leuce Come on the Red Sea, and across the desert to the Persian Gulf.Excavations have demonstrated that it was the ability of the Nabataeans to control the water supply that led to the rise of the desert city, creating an artificial oasis. The area is visited by flash floods and archaeological evidence demonstrates the Nabataeans controlled these floods by the use of dams, cisterns and water conduits. These innovations stored water for prolonged periods of drought, and enabled the city to prosper from its sale.Al Khazneh is one of the most elaborate temples in the ancient Edomite city of Petra. As with most of the other buildings in this ancient town, including the Monastery, this structure was carved out of a sandstone rock face.  It has classical Greek-influenced architecture, and is a popular tourist attraction.Al Khazneh is one of more than 800 monuments in Petra. Much of the city is still underground.Al Khazneh, also known as the Treasury, is one of the most impressive sites of ancient Petra. 

Hunt For Prey

Hunting is the natural habit of wild animals.Tigers are also hunt for prey, which even include fearsome predators such as crocodiles, leopards and pythons. When fighting a crocodile, they go for the eyes using their paws.This scenario is made possible when thirsty tigers go for a drink by the rivers, where mugger crocodiles live. Usually, the crocodile ends up being disabled while the tiger is able to escape. There are cases, however, where mugger crocodiles end up killing the tigers.In the case of leopards, they try to hunt at different times from tigers to avoid competition. Usually though, leopards and tigers are able to co-exist in peace when there is enough prey to go around. Again, exemptions to the rule exist.Tigers even go against wolf populations in places where the two species somehow co-exist. It is all about showing who's boss. Packs of wolves do not just go without a fight. They do attack and even kill tigers when the two species clash because of food. This fight, however, finds both sides suffering a lot of losses.Meanwhile, solitary creatures manage to co-exist with tigers. A golden jackal without a pack, for example, will trail a tiger for food. There is even a case of a jackal finding itself among three tigers for the sake of following their trail of food.As for competition between species, Siberian tigers and brown bears can clash because of food. Usually though, both sides would try to avoid a confrontation. Still, there are cases of tigers killing bear cubs, as well as adult bears. A tiger living in the Russian Far East actually includes Asiatic black bears as well as brown bears into 5 to 8 percent of its diet.

Brown bears have also been recorded to have killed tigers when defending themselves or avenging or disputing over kills. There have been bears that have left their hibernation to attempt to steal away the tigers’ kills. Of course, the tigers will also defend their prey.Sloth bears, meanwhile, are aggressive and are fierce enough to shoo away young tigers from their kills. However, adult Bengal tigers usually hunt for sloth bears.

Soul Leaving Body

Our technology is advancing in amazing and interesting ways.The same technology which had been used to photograph peoples auras for the last couple of years, is now being used to photograph the 'souls' of a dying person leaving their body. Now scientists have taken GDV (gas-discharge visualization) photographs of a person as he was dying. In the photos, it could be seen that the area of the belly lost its life force (the purported soul) first, followed by the head. The heart and groin were the last to lose their life force, in that order.

`GDV Camera by Dr. Korotkov`is the first device in the world, which measures the distribution of energy levels of biological objects (energy gomeokinesis) .Operation of the complex is based on computer registration of evoked bioelectrographic signals and estimation of state by means of non-linear mathematics and "data mining" methods. The technique is based on long-term developments of Russian scientists, it has successfully passed clinic tests in Russia, England, the USA, Germany, Slovenia, and is acknowledged in many countries. 

Konstantin Korotkov is Professor of Physics at St. Petersburg State Technical University in Russia. He has published over 70 papers in leading journals on physics and biology, and he holds 12 patents on biophysics inventions. Prof. Korotkov has led a research career for over 25 years, combining rigorous scientific method with an insatiable curiosity about things of the spirit and the soul with deep respect for all life. He is also a scholar in philosophy and a serious mountaineer of 20 years experience. He has given lectures, seminars and training sessions in 24 countries, presenting papers and workshops at more than 40 national and international conferences.

Zero

The concept of zero as a number and not merely a symbol or an empty space for separation is attributed to India, where, by the 9th century AD, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number, even in case of division.

In 498 AD, Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata stated that "from place to place each is ten times the preceding, which is the origin of the modern decimal-based place value notation".

Names for the number 0 in English include zero, nought or (US) naught or nil, the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar.

As the decimal zero and its new mathematics spread from India to whole world.There are different words used for the number or concept of zero depending on the context. For the simple notion of lacking, the words nothing and none are often used.Several sports have specific words for zero, such as nil in football, love in tennis and a duck in cricket.It is often called oh in the context of telephone numbers. Slang words for zero include zip, zilch, nada, scratch and even duck egg or goose egg.

The sum of zero and a negative number is negative.

The sum of zero and a positive number is positive.so with out zero there is no mathematics.The number 0 may or may not be considered a natural number, but it is a whole number and hence a rational number and a real number.

Kohinoor Diamond

Diamonds are formed at high temperature and pressure at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers (87 to 118 mi) in the Earth's mantle. Carbon-containing minerals provide the carbon source, and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years (25% to 75% of the age of the Earth). Diamonds are brought close to the Earth's surface through deep volcanic eruptions by a magma, which cools into igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites.Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions. Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities, most of which originate from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms. In particular, diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of different colors).The formation of natural diamond requires very specific conditions—exposure of carbon-bearing materials to high pressure, ranging approximately between 45 and 60 kilobars (4.5 and 6 GPa), but at a comparatively low temperature range between approximately 900 and 1,300 °C (1,650 and 2,370 °F). These conditions are met in two places on Earth; in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates, and at the site of a meteorite strike.Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. Diamonds are mostly with typically yellow, brown or gray to colorless. Less often blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple and red color.Diamonds are extremely hard, but also brittle and can be split up by a single blow. Therefore, diamond cutting is traditionally considered as a delicate procedure requiring skills, scientific knowledge, tools and experience.

Cricketers Who Suffered Fatal Injuries while Playing

1. Phil Hughes (Australia, 25) - 2014


2. Darryn Randall (South Africa, 32) - 2013

3. Zulfiqar Bhatti (Pakistan, 22) - 2013

4. Richard Beaumont (England, 33) - 2012

5. Alcwyn Jenkins (England, 72) - 2009

6. Wasim Raja (Pakistan, 54) - 2006

7. Raman Lamba (India, 38) - 1998

Lamba, a former India international, was hit on the head while fielding during a club match in Dhaka. He went into a coma three days later, before being pronounced dead.

8. Ian Folley (England, 30) - 1993

9. Wilf Slack (England, 34) - 1989

10. Abdul Aziz (Pakistan, 18) - 1959

11. Andy Ducat (England, 56) - 1942

12. George Summers (England, 25) - 1870

Rotating Skyscraper

It’s the first building in the world that rotates, moves, and changes shape..The Dynamic Tower ., also known as Dynamic Architecture Building (Da Vinci Tower).Height 420-metre (1,378 ft), 80-floor moving skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, designed by architect David Fisher.Similar to the Suite Vollard completed in 2001 in Brazil, Each floor will be able to rotate independently.This will result in a constantly changing shape of the tower. Each floor will rotate a maximum of 6 metres (20 ft) per minute, or one full rotation in 90 minutes.It will be the world's first prefabricated skyscraper with 40 factory-built modules for each floor.

Speciality:The entire tower will be powered from wind turbines and solar panels. Enough surplus electricity should be produced to power five other similar sized buildings in the vicinity.

The turbines will be located between each of the rotating floors.They could generate up to 1,200,000 kilowatt-hours of energy. The solar panels will be located on the roof and the top of each floor.Each of the towers have been designed with swimming pools, gardens and even lifts for cars meaning people can park outside their flats.

The Italian architect has revealed the ambitious plans to create Dynamic Towers in cities around the world with separate floors that spin 360 degrees around a concrete centre every 90 minutes. 

The first two are planned to be built in Dubai and Moscow with other cities including London, Milan, Paris, Rome, New York and Miami  on the cards too.

The 80-storey Dubai tower cost around £355million while the 70-storey Moscow tower will be developed by the Mirax Group with final costs unknown. 

Talking tree

    We know for sure that trees talk through the air like we do, we have to wonder what they say about us as we press into their territories and begin to deforest the land, starting at one edge of the woods and working our way through to the other. Do the trees cut first shout to the others on the opposite end to run? Or are they whispering to us, asking that we be more mindful of the consequences?

We’ve known for a long time that plants are sensitive to their environments, reacting to changes in temperature, soil conditions, and light. Their senses, like ours, are quite developed: The Venus flytrap catches its dinner by snapping shut when an insect touches the tiny hairs on its leaves, and some farmers believe that sounds louder than the human voice stimulate the germination and rapid growth of some vegetables. But the confirmation that plants of the same species are able to talk with each other through the air is a new development.

In one recent research project, scientists took note of when the first gypsy moth larvae landed on a mature oak tree that resided in a grove with other oaks. By analyzing the chemistry of the mature oak tree’s leaves, they were able to determine that within a very short period of time, the tree had added a bitter tannin to all of its leaves. The tannin made the tree an unattractive lunch option for the gypsy moth larvae. But what was more astounding was that all the other oak trees in the grove changed the chemistry of their leaves, too, making them unappetizing as well.

It took a few years for the scientists to understand just how the trees in the rest of grove had gotten word that the gypsy moths were in town. It was found that the trees did not communicate through their roots — instead, they released a special gas (or pheromone) to warn their neighbors of the danger.

If we’ve ever walked in a forest or a grove on a breezy or windy day, we’ve probably experienced that bit of an unsettling feeling that says to you that the trees are “talking” above our head. With every moan and retort of the wood, we’d almost swear that we could hear rumblings. 

The trees surrounding we on our walk seem to be whispering to each other about the propriety of our presence.Turns out that our intuition may not be so far from the truth. Scientists are now discovering that plants have similar senses to ours and that they “talk” to each other — not through their roots, but as we do: through the air.It’s not only the oak trees that are chatting. We now have proof that willows, too, are talking with each other through the air. Quercus phellos (willow oak) is a deciduous tree in the red oak group of oaks. It is native to eastern North America from southern New York (Long Island) south to northern Florida, and west to southernmost Illinois and eastern Texas. It is most commonly found growing on lowland floodplains. It is a medium-sized tree growing to 20-30 m tall.

Fighting Fish

Fighting Fish.. known as the betta (Betta splendens). Bettas sometimes require a place to hide, even in the absence of threats. They may set up a territory centered on a plant or rocky alcove, sometimes becoming highly possessive of it and aggressive toward trespassing rivals.Two male Siamese fighting fish will fight to protect  territory. Male and female Siamese fighting fish should not be housed together unless it is for the purpose of breeding. They are likely to become aggressive with each other either before or after breeding. The aggression of this fish has been studied by ethologists and comparative psychologists.These fish have historically been the objects of gambling; two male fish are pitted against each other in a fight and betsare placed on which one will win. One fish is almost always killed as a result. To avoid this, male Siamese fighting fish are best isolated from one another. Males will occasionally even respond aggressively to their own reflections in a mirror.Though this is obviously safer than exposing the fish to another male, prolonged sight of their reflection can lead to stress in some individuals. Not all Siamese fighting fish respond negatively to other male fish, especially if not too many of them are present.       The Siamese fighting fish is a species in the gourami family which is popular as an aquarium fish. In January 2014 a large population of the fish was discovered in the Adelaide River Floodplain in the Northern Territory, Australia. usually grows to a length of about 6.5 cm (2.6 in). Although aquarium specimens are known for their brilliant colors and large, flowing fins, The natural coloration of B. splendens is a dull green, browns, and gray, and the fins of wild specimens are relatively short. Some people of Thailand and Malaysia are known to have collected these fish prior to the 19th century from the wild.In the wild, bettas spar for only a few minutes or before one fish backs off. Bred specifically for fighting, domesticated betta matches can go on for much longer, with winners determined by a willingness to continue fighting. Once one fish retreats, the match is over. Seeing the popularity of these fights, the king of Thailand started licensing and collecting these fighting fish.

Twinkle Stars

In a dark, clear, moonless night.We look up into the sky.We see thousands of stars arranged in patterns or constellations.The light from these stars has traveled great distances to reach Earth. But what are stars? How far away are they? Are they all the same? Are there other planets around them? When stars initially form from large balls of gas, they contract under the influence of gravity, and heat up because that gravitational energy goes into the motion of the gas.Stars get their heat from two sources - gravity, and nuclear fusion.Once they get hot enough, the hydrogen nuclei in the plasma in the center of the star start to occasionally merge to form helium, releasing a lot of energy from that nuclear fusion process. All this heating, from both sources, creates a pressure that causes the star to quit contracting at some point.

If the star is big enough to start with, the central temperature will be high enough to really keep that fusion going, and the heat gradually will seep out to the outside parts of the star, so the outer surface regions will also rise to quite high temperatures. We all know how important it is that our Sun gives us light! But, why does this happen? To understand, we need to look at the structure of stars.

What causes stars to shine?

Because stars are so massive, the density and pressure in the cores are extremely high! It is the temperature of the outer surface that determines the way the stars shine - our sun has an outer temperature of around 5000 degrees, but other stars can be as hot as 50,000 degrees, producing much bluer light, while red dwarf stars are considerably cooler and produce mostly red and infrared light. The process that causes stars to shine is the same one that we have harnessed for use as a weapon: nuclear fusion.Stars start as huge regions of gas, mostly hydrogen. This gas will start to contract, and it heats up. In fact, the Sun's core is so hot and has such high pressure that it undergoes nuclear fusion. Fusion is the combining to two lightweight elements into a heaver element. In our Sun, the core converts hydrogen into helium. This conversion of hydrogen into helium is the first reaction that happens in every star, it is called the main sequence. This reaction actually ends up with a surplus of energy according to the equation E=mc2. This is because the mass of the combing hydrogen is greater that the end product of helium. Therefore, the mass is converted to energy, and that energy is the electromagnetic radiation (light) that we get.