MonaLisa

MonaLisa  the great  portrait even  in modern world. The portrait has become  one of  the  most  internationally recognized pieces of art to date. The painting is significant in the fact that it has managed to survive over 500 years. Today, the painting is on display at Musee de Louvre in Paris, and  is viewed  by about six million people a year. Leonardo da Vinci painted `Mona Lisa` without adornment, jewellery, special hair treatment, or even special  clothing. Leonardo's close  relationship with  nature along  with his curiosity led  him to many discoveries  that  have  become exceedingly useful to all humans. He discovered that all aspects of nature function according to laws `nature does not break her law; nature is constrained by the logical necessity of her law  which  is inherent in her` and also that nature is always evolving. `With time everything changes`. He was the first person to introduce the principle of  `cause and effect`. This principle  is based on the concept  that nature begins with an effect, and through experience we must  investigate the cause. ` In nature there is no effect without cause; understand the cause and you will have no need of the experiment`. Da Vinci`s deep love for nature, knowledge, research and experience, was the central reason of both his artistic and scientific accomplishments. His originality in the field of painting  influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies. Da Vinci  is known around the world for his paintings. He viewed  art as a form of science and  in his perspective an artist was suppose to acknowledge and observe many concepts  prior his attempt to paint. He also believed  that the foundation of art  relied on studying the function of the eye. ` The eye which is the window of soul is the chief organ`. From studying  the eye closely he was able to discover  the technique of perspective, which included a mathematical method of creating three-dimensional space. He discovered the function of  the pupil by creating a pine hole camera, which enabled  him  to understand the function  of  light  rays and  that  they travel  in straight lines, which he used in his paintings. The reason why the `Mona Lisa`, is famous is due to the profound facial expressions.

Da Vinci's style

The painting was among the first portraits to depict the sitter before an imaginary landscape and Da Vinci was one of the first painters to use aerial perspective. The enigmatic woman is portrayed seated in what appears to be an open loggia with dark pillar bases on either side. Behind her a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains. Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of  human  presence. The sensuous curves of the woman's hair and clothing are echoed in the undulating imaginary valleys and rivers behind her. The blurred outlines, graceful figure, dramatic contrasts of light and dark, and overall feeling of calm are characteristic of Da Vinci's style. Owing to the expressive synthesis that Da Vinci achieved between sitter and landscape it is arguable whether Mona Lisa should be considered as a traditional portrait, for it represents an ideal  rather  than a real woman. The sense of  overall  harmony achieved in the painting—especially apparent in the sitter's faint smile—reflects the idea of a link connecting humanity and nature.

Some thing Special

Mona Lisa  has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes. Some researchers claim  that it  was common at this time for genteel  women to pluck these hairs, as they were considered unsightly. In 2007, French  engineer  Pascal Cotte announced  that  his ultra high  resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with better  visible eyebrows, but that these had gradually disappeared over time, perhaps as a result of overcleaning. For modern viewers the nearly missing eyebrows add to the slightly abstract quality of the face. A zoomed-in image of Mona Lisa's left eye revealed a single brush stroke in the eyebrow region, Cotte said.`I am an engineer and scientist, so for me all has to be logical. It was not logical that Mona Lisa does  not  have any eyebrows  or  eyelashes,` Cotte told. `The face of Mona Lisa appears slightly wider and the smile is different and the eyes are different,` Cotte said. `The smile is more accentuated` I would say.

Reserved Mood

The woman (MonaLisa) sits  markedly  upright with her arms folded, which is also a sign of  her  reserved posture. Only her gaze is fixed on the observer  and  seems to welcome them to this silent communication. Since the brightly lit face  is  practically framed with various  much darker elements (hair, veil, shadows), the observer's  attraction  to it is brought to even greater extent. The woman appears alive to an unusual measure, which Da Vinci achieved by his  new  method  not to draw the outlines, mainly in two features: the corners of  the mouth, and the corners of the eyes. Leonardo Da Vinci is known for creating some of the world’s most famous paintings such as the The Last Supper, and Madonna of the Rocks.

The Eminent

Very few  that  have ever  lived  have been  acknowledged as a genius. Leonardo Da Vinci was a renaissance man who was a true pioneer of his time. Though he is best known as an artist, he was far more than that. Da Vinci  was also an engineer, inventor, and scientist. He had one of the best scientific minds of his time. He carried  out  research  in fields ranging from architecture and civil engineering to astronomy, anatomy, geography, geology, and paleontology.

Robot Doctor

Science has achieved great success in the field of medicine and surgery. It has made tremendous progress in the twentieth century. In surgery also wonderful improvements have been made. Robotic surgery technic is also one of that. It is described as when a surgeon uses robotic equipment to assist during a surgical procedure. The surgeon manipulates controls which send information to the robotic equipment, telling it what to do. This surgical technology can be used for a wide range of surgical procedures. There are multiple benefits from choosing this type of surgery, but can also cost more than laparoscopic. Robotic surgery has been discussed for over two decades. Over the last decade, it has increased in popularity and applicability.

First Surgery

In 1985 a robot, the Unimation Puma 200, was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance. In 1992, the PROBOT, developed at Imperial College London, was used to perform prostatic surgery by Dr. Senthil Nathan at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London. This was the first pure robotic surgery in the world. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems (working closely with IBM) was introduced in 1992 to mill out precise fittings in the femur for hip replacement. The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant, the use of a mallet and broach/rasp. Further development of robotic systems was carried out by SRI International and Intuitive Surgical with the introduction of the da Vinci Surgical System and Computer Motion with the AESOP and the ZEUS robotic surgical system.                    

  The first robotic surgery took place at The Ohio State University Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio under the direction of Robert E. Michler. Examples of using ZEUS include a fallopian tube reconnection in July 1998, a beating heart coronary arte bypass graft in October 1999, a closed-chest beating heart cardiac hybrid revascularization in November 1999, and the Lindbergh Operation, which was a cholecystectomy performed remotely in September 2001.The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at SRI International in Menlo Park with grant support from DARPA and NASA.

Advantages of this Technic

Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. Some major advantages of robotic surgery are precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions, decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Further advantages are articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification, resulting in improved ergonomics. Robotic techniques are also associated with reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication. The main advantage of this technique is that the incisions are very small and, consequently, patient recovery is quick. In traditional open-heart surgery, the surgeon makes a ten to twelve-inch incision, then accesses the heart by splitting the sternum (breast bone) and spreading open the rib cage. The patient is then placed on a heart-lung machine and the heart is stopped for the length of the surgery. Not only is this a way for bacteria that can cause infections to access the patient’s body, it also leads to a painful wound, which takes time to heal.

  Because patient recovery after robot-assisted heart surgery is quicker, the hospital stay is shorter. On average patients leave the hospital two to five days earlier than patients who have undergone traditional open-heart surgery and return to work and normal activity 50% more quickly. Reduced recovery times are not only better for the patient, they also reduce the number of staff needed during surgery, nursing care required after surgery, and, therefore, the overall cost of hospital stays.

Robotic system that does not work on its own, but is an instrument under complete control of the surgeon.

A surgeon can more easily approach structures during complicated procedures and has a greater ability to dissect delicate vessels and nerves. DaVinci System uses specialized micro-instruments that vary with surgeon preference and the type of surgical case. Minimally invasive surgery, such as laparoscopic surgery, da Vinci surgery requires only small incisions—roughly the size of a dime.

Critics of robotic surgery assert that it is difficult for users to learn and that it has not been shown to be more effective than traditional laparoscopic surgery. The da Vinci system uses proprietary software, which cannot be modified by physicians, thereby limiting the freedom to modify the operation system.

Aerial Refueling

Aeroplane or Airplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. The Wright brothers flights in 1903 are recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), the standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics, as `The first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight`. By 1905, The Wright Flyer III was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight.

Obviously flights can fly with some energy, like fuel. Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications, such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperature, among other properties. Aviation fuel is often dispensed from a tanker or bowser, which is driven up to parked aircraft and helicopters. Some airports have pumps similar to filling stations to which aircraft must taxi. Some airports have permanent piping to parking areas for large aircraft. Aviation fuel is transferred to an aircraft via one of two methods, overwing or underwing. Overwing fueling is used on smaller planes, helicopters, and all piston-engine aircraft. Overwing fueling is similar to car fueling — one or more fuel ports are opened and fuel is pumped in with a conventional pump. Underwing fueling, also called single-point refueling or pressure refueling where not dependent on gravity, is used on larger aircraft and for jet fuel exclusively.

Aerial refueling/Air refueling also possible. In-flight refueling (IFR), air-to-air refueling (AAR) or tanking, is the process of transferring fuel from one aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) during flight.

At present, there are three tanker aircraft and several receiving aircraft capable of in-air refuelling.

When flying one of these aircraft in the default scenery area, one can locate the tanker aircraft using air-air TACAN and/or radar and then receive a full or partial load of fuel by flying in close formation behind the tanker. Refuelling is also possible between aircraft in a multiplayer session. It is not possible to control the boom/hose position yet; they are always operatable when the tankers are air-born.

Turn to an appropriate heading, guided by the TACAN bearing and look for the tanker on the radar or nav screen. Around 5nm away, we should reduce our speed to around 20kts faster than the tanker (these fly at 280 kts TAS). The KC-135 will be visible from about 10nm, the KA6-D, being smaller, just over 1 nm. Use airbrakes to keep control of our speed should we find ourself overshooting. Close to within 50ft of the tanker (do not get too close, or visual artifacts might hide the boom from view). we should see indication in the cockpit that you are receiving fuel (there is a green light in the A4 fuel gauge, as well as a green light on the right side of the T-38's panel), and we should see the indicated tank load increase. Getting to this stage is not necessarily easy - it can take a lot of  practice. As with carrier landings, this is not an easy manoeuver in real life either and there are additional complications in the sim. The tanker, being an AI model, is unaffected by the wind and flies TAS (True Air Speed), while we are flying IAS (Indicated Air Speed) and are affected by the environment. As in real life, our aircraft will also steadily increase in weight as the tanks fill which will affect the trim of the aircraft. We  might find it helpful to use the autothrottle to help control our speed. Once our tanks are full, or we have taken  as  much fuel as our wish, close the throttle a little, back away from the tanker and continue our intended flight.

Movable Buildings

Building Science is advancing all the time. Because of  new construction materials and new building methods that are being introduced  every  year, the building science experts have to keep up and help out designers with effective  means of  building  new construction. Making sure the occupants are healthy and safe from  polluted air and making sure they are comfortable are their number one priorities. The relationships to electrical and mechanical systems of building science, including the building envelope, indoor air, moisture dynamics, ventilation, and thermal  insulation  have to be taken  seriously. It is becoming clear that building designers must have some knowledge of  building  science and the performance of the building enclosure in order to design better building enclosures and better buildings. In this sense prefab construction is most attractive method. Prefabricated  building is a type of  building  that  consists  of  several  factory-built  components or units that are  assembled on-site to complete the unit.

Prefabricated construction

Buildings have been built in one place and reassembled in another throughout history. Possibly the first advertised  prefab  house was the Manning Portable Cottage. A London carpenter, Henry Manning, constructed a house that was built in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. A few still stand in Australia (South Australian Record, 1837). One such  is the Friends  Meeting  House, Adelaide. The peak year for the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when  several  hundred  arrived. These have been identified as coming from Liverpool, Boston and Singapore (with Chinese instructions for  re-assembly). In Barbados the Chattel  house  was a form of  prefabricated  building  which  was developed  by emancipated slaves who had  limited  rights to build  up on  land  they did not own.  As the buildings were moveable they were legally regarded as chattels.

They're a 21st century super power with super computers and a super economy that's the envy of the world.,China can claim  another  title - the fastest builders on the planet after putting up a 30-storey  183,000-square-foot  hotel  in  just  360 hours(15 days). A construction crew in the south-central Chinese city of Changsha completed this remarkable  achievement with no injuries to any worker.

Pre-fabricated construction is not entirely new to the Indian  construction  space. Office and commercial buildings have been using prefab wall panels, ceiling panels, plasterboards and flooring systems to create interiors of offices and  other  places  such  as  hospitals. 10-storey prefab building built in 48 hours  in Mohali. Over 200 skilled workers, technicians, engineers and equipment were engaged in the building construction. This was first one in India. In this row Banglore  marked the feet next.

Buying  a  ready-made  modular  kitchen or  bathroom  is  now  par  for  the course for  a  number  of  Indians. But  what  if  you could  go to a store, buy a house and get  it  assembled  on  your  plot? With  pre-fabricated, or prefab, technology becoming popular, this might become a reality in a few years.

Low Price-Long life

Prefab technologies can be used to build homes quickly and cost-effectively, especially as traditional construction  costs continue to rise. As the cost of  borrowing  is  steep and developers are facing a liquidity crunch, time means money. Modular construction is faster and adds to the revenue stream of  builders.

Prefab  technology  involves  use of  factory-manufactured components in buildings. Some commonly used prefab  materials  include  steel  frames  for structures, panels made of wood, cement, gypsum and other materials for  floors, walls and ceilings, factory-made doors, windows and ventilators.

In large  construction  projects, various  modules of the structure are cast off-site  in  factories and then assembled  on  the site. In  the  process, prefab materials such as wall and terrace blocks, wall panels, steel frames  and  plaster  boards  are used along with innovations such as the dry-wall technique. In prefab technology, the entire building can be designed  using  architecture  software. Later, components such as steel frames, wall and ceiling  panels  and  floor tiles  can  be custom-made. The components are then brought to the construction  site and the structure is assembled on-site. Houses using steel frames for structure can  have multiple stories without  pillars, beams  and concrete. Alternatively, the main structure and outer walls can be constructed  using the  conventional  techniques  and  inside partitioning and  interiors done with prefab materials.

Pre-fabricated  concrete  panels  as shear  walls and roof  slabs, which are assembled like Lego blocks. Apart from prefab panels, complete kitchen and bathroom units are also being assembled as separate units with complete electrical and plumbing  systems. These kitchen  and  bathroom  pods are then fit  into place.

Prefab  construction  reduces construction  time and improves the quality of the building. Though  prefab materials are 15-20% expensive  than  the  traditional  ones,  higher efficiency and  less wastage  and  labour costs  can  bring down the overall cost substantially for large buildings. They also eliminate the need for auxiliary  activities  such as  plastering, electrical wiring and plumbing as these are done at the casting stage itself.  Buildings  constructed  using  prefab technologies  have a life span of  30-50 years, equivalent to the life span of structures using conventional methods.

Easily Change The Structure

Using  prefab materials  in buildings also gives flexibility in terms of expansion and  modifications. Most of these  buildings  are  modular  with  independent  blocks  that  can  be added  or  removed. Computer-aided design  and  certain  materials  produce  structures  which  can be  easily  assembled  and  dismantled  a  number of  times without  damage.  Additionally, changes  in  the  structure  can  be  made on-site  in a short span of time.  Prefab  panels and  boards  are  eight-ten times  lighter  than  brick-and-mortar  walls. This reduces the load  on  the structure, which lowers the building cost. The use of prefab materials gives the option of customising buildings for specific needs such as fire and water  resistance and sound-proofing.  Most of the demand  for  prefab materials is from large developers and  for  commercial  spaces such as offices. Use by individuals  for  their  homes is yet to gain  popularity. prefab  construction  techniques, quite  common  in developed  countries, will become popular in India too.The use of  pre-fabricated  materials  and  methods  is on  the  rise in the US as the construction  industry has begun to adapt to changing  market conditions, new  materials  and  methodologies.  The prefab buidings are attractive, comfortable, affordable, and healthy and zero-carbon and also can withstand magnitude of 8.5 earthquake and strong winds.

Finland Moving Building

The World’s First Truly Mobile Apartment Building is Completed in Finland  Moving  Building. A Finnish architecture  group  has  just  built  and  successfully  installed  the  world's  first  mobile  apartment  building. The 3-story, steel-framed building  is  a whopping 108 feet  long, 40 feet high and weighs a total of 485,017 pounds. It was completely assembled. Finnish  architecture has just built and successfully installed this and assembled in a shipyard  warehouse  and  successfully  moved  en masse to a water front location in Turku, Finland earlier this month. NEAPO, the company that built and moved the building, is an architecture and construction  company  that  has roots  in the ship building  industry, so it's no wonder they are so good at moving large steel objects.