Natural Satellite

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and he fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of its primary, a quarter the diameter of Earth and 1⁄81 its mass . The Moon is the second densest satellite after Io, a satellite of Jupiter.

 The Moon is thought to have formed nearly 4.5 billion years ago, not long after the Earth. Although there have been several hypotheses for its origin in the past, the current most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body. The Moon is the only celestial body other than Earth on which humans have set foot.

 sometime in the early stage of the Solar System–about four and a half billion years ago–a large proto-Earth collided with a Mars-sized body named “Theia,” causing a huge cloud of material from both bodies to fly out into space. Some of the material remained in the Earth’s orbit and coalesced into the Moon. It’s a fascinating hypothesis.

Around the Solar System, multiple moons are the rule. Jupiter has 63 natural satellites, even Mars has two asteroid-like moons.

Does the Earth have any other moons?

Could Earth have more than one?

Officially, the answer is no. The Earth has a single moon. But Today only. It’s possible Earth had more than one moon in the past, millions or even billions of years ago.For example, Mars has two Moons, but not for long. It’s also possible that the Earth might capture a Moon in the future.

How many moons are there in the Solar System? according NASA’s  information. Mercury and Venus-0, Earth-1,Mars-2,Jupiter-63,Saturn-60,

Uranus-27,Neptune-13.The number of known moos has been steadily growing with the improvement of technology. The number has nearly doubled so.

Some of the moons in the solar system are known to have volcanoes, cryptovolcanos, and tectonic activity. Some are thought to have sub-surface oceans. Io is the most volcanically active body that scientists know of. At least four moons still have active tectonic plates. A few have observed atmospheres containing oxygen. Europa, among others is thought to be capable of supporting life as we know it, although this is unproven as yet. Iron metallic cores are not uncommon along with moons that have their own magnetic fields.

Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system and our Moon is the fifth largest.

 It is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face; the near side is marked with dark volcanic maria among the bright ancient crustal highlands and prominent impact craters. It is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun, although its surface is actually very dark, with a similar reflectance to coal. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have since ancient times made the Moon an important cultural influence on language, calendars, art and mythology. The Moon's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides and the minute lengthening of the day. The Moon's current orbital distance, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth, causes it to appear almost the same size in the sky as the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipses.

The Moon is thought to have formed nearly 4.5 billion years ago, not long after the Earth. Although there have been several hypotheses for its origin in the past, the current most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body. The Moon is the only celestial body other than Earth on which humans have set foot.

 The Moon is the only celestial body on which humans have landed. While the Soviet Union's Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with unmanned spacecraft in 1959, the United States' NASA Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, beginning with the first manned lunar orbiting mission by Apollo 8 in 1968, and six manned lunar landings between 1969 and 1972—the first being Apollo 11. These missions returned over 380 kg of lunar rocks, which have been used to develop a detailed geological understanding of the Moon's origins , the formation of its internal structure, and its subsequent history.

After the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, the Moon has been visited only by unmanned spacecraft, notably by the final Soviet Lunokhod rover. Since 2004, Japan, China, India, the United States, and the European Space Agency have each sent lunar orbiters. These spacecraft have contributed to confirming the discovery of lunar water ice in permanently shadowed craters at the poles and bound into the lunar regolith. Future manned missions to the Moon have been planned, including government as well as privately funded efforts. The Moon remains, under the Outer Space Treaty, free to all nations to explore for peaceful purposes.

some 30–50 million years after the origin of the Solar System.These include the fission of the Moon from the Earth's crust through, which would require too great an initial spin of the Earth, the gravitational capture of a pre-formed Moon, which would require an unfeasibly extended atmosphere to the energy of the passing Moon, and the co-formation of the Earth and the Moon together in the primordial accretion disksome 30–50 million years after the origin of the Solar System.

These include the fission of the Moon from the Earth's crust through centrifugal forces, which would require too great an initial spin of the Earth, the gravitational capture of a pre-formed Moon, which would require an unfeasibly extended atmosphere of the Earth to dissipate the energy of the passing Moon, and the co-formation of the Earth and the Moon together in the primordial accretion disk, which does not explain the depletion of metallic iron in the Moon. These hypotheses also cannot account for the high angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system, which does not explain the depletion of metallic iron in the Moon. These hypotheses also cannot account for the high angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system.

The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its sidereal period). However, since the Earth is moving in its orbit about the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its synodic period).

The Moon is a differentiated body: it has a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, and core. The moon has a solid iron-rich inner core with a radius of 240 kilometers and a fluid outer core primarily made of liquid iron with a radius of roughly 300 kilometers. Around the core is a partially molten boundary layer with a radius of about 500 kilometers. This structure is thought to have developed through the fractional crystallization of a global magma ocean shortly after the Moon's formation 4.5 billion years ago.

which is more iron rich than that of Earth. Geophysical techniques suggest that the crust is on average ~50 km thick.

One-half of the Moon appears to be illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated is increasing. The right half of the Moon appears lighted and the left side of the Moon appears dark.  During the time between the New Moon and the First Quarter Moon, the part of the Moon that appears lighted gets larger and larger every day, and will continue to grow until the Full Moon.

 Moon's gravity is 1/6 of the Earth's, if an 80 kg person went to the moon his weight is 13.3 kg only.

photos:red moon:

Red and orange tinted Moon, as seen from Earth during a lunar eclipse, where the Earth comes between the Moon and Sun.

The Moon is a differentiated body: it has a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, and core. The Moon has a solid iron-rich inner core with a radius of 240 kilometers and a fluid outer core primarily made of liquid iron with a radius of roughly 300 kilometers. Around the core is a partially molten boundary layer with a radius of about 500 kilometers.

The Moon has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum, with a total mass of less than 10 metric tons.

Eclipses can only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line.

The Moon gives off no light of its own but reflects sunlight from its rocky surface. the moon shines is that it reflects the light of the Sun. What we call moonshine is actually sunshine  reflected by the Moon.

Another one is earthshine, meaning sunlight reflected by the Earth. We have only one way to see it. That occurs because some of the earthshine falls on the Moon and is reflected back to Earth again. By this dim light we can sometimes see the outline of the whole moon behind the crescent of a new moon.

India's Cricket Itinerary 2013-18

The six-year media rights were awarded in two segments: two years (2012-14) and four years (2014-18). 

The BCCI had, actually, given to STAR an undertaking of hosting at least 96 matches, to be played against six countries - Australia, England, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, South Africa and the West Indies.

Pakistan was added later to the list, after the national governments of the two countries recently agreed to give the green signal to restore bilateral cricket series after five years. 

Pakistan will now tour India to play three ODIs and two T20 Internationals in December-January, taking India's home matches to 101. 

BCCI sources say that more matches against Pakistan would be added in the period for which the media rights have been sold. 

sound cricketer

No one in the history of cricket has come close to matching Bradman's mark of 99.94 average in test maches. Bradman's 29 Test centuries included ten double tons and two triples. And the other side., It is hard to imagine someone playing Test cricket at the age of 16 and completed 24 career years continuously. no cricketer to have played in excess of 200 Tests like Tendulkar.

Great men Great moment

Sir Donald's house in Kensington. A modest, middle-class home, Sachin and Warne walked in to be introduced to the great man himself.

While Warne and Tendulkar were dressed in almost identical suits, the Don was in casual attire. The first thing Bradman did was to enquire about Warne's shoulder. To Tendulkar, he said: "I'm so glad you came." Says Warne: "He was very friendly, relaxed, mentally as sharp as ever and even threw in a few good one-liners, although I can't really remember them now, probably because I was trying too hard to take it all in."

He asked Tendulkar whether he moved before the ball left the bowler's hand.

To which the younger batsman rather modestly replied, "I don't know." With a glint in his eyes, Sir Donald tapped Tendulkar's shoulder: "I think you do. You begin your movement before the bowler balls, otherwise you wouldn't have the time to play the kind of shots you do."

Before Sachin could recover from the compliment the Don went on to the next. He commented that it didn't look like Sachin had been coached. Sachin said: "No, I've had three coaches. One in school, one at the state level and one at Test level." "I didn't think you were coached," explained Sir Donald, "because anybody who's been through coaches is told to play with the left elbow pointed towards mid-off. You don't do that. I didn't do that. That gives you the flexibility to play in any direction anywhere." And he went on to demonstrate a few strokes.

Discussing the good batsmen of today, Sir Donald said he thought Sachin the best batsman around at the moment and the closest in style to the way he played.

Sir Donald Bradman was first impressed by Sachin Tendulkar while watching a one-day game against Australia in the 1996 World Cup and never missed a chance to see an innings from the Indian maestro after that, the book 'Bradman's Best' reveals.

"Australia won (that match) but not before a stunning 90 from Tendulkar that captured the Don's attention," the book, which chronicles each of the 12 members of the 'Dream Team' selected by Bradman, says in the chapter 'The Star of India'. 

Titanic

The mighty ship stood bolt upright, an unforgettable and terrible sight, with  the  din of all  its riches smashing inside, as black as death itself against the starry night sky...Then all noise from the ship stopped...And at last, always gaining speed, Titanic slid beneath the sea like a collapsing skyscraper.

Titanic  witnessed  mankind  at  its heroic best and selfish worst. why and how did the Titanic ultimately sink on its first and last expedition? Neither the design nor the structure of the Titanic was accountable for the Titanic’s unforeseen demise. Rather the main reason was a lack of understanding of the limitations of technology on the part of those who should have known better.

In 1912, At the time of  her  launch, the Royal  Mail  Steamer (R.M.S) Titanic was the largest man-made moving object on Earth with build cost $7.5 million.The Titanic was the newest and most technologically advanced liner in the world. Despite all of its innovative technology, the ship sank on a clear night on its maiden voyage with the loss hundreds of lives. The unsinkable Titanic sank. R.M.S. Titanic, perhaps the most famous ship that ever sailed, hit an iceberg was about 100 feet tall spawned from a glacier in Greenland. The ship's doom was hastened when crewman opened a gangway door to try to load life boats from a lower level. They couldn't  reclose it, and  sea water  rushed in. And the next morning - April 15, 1912 - sank beneath the North Atlantic waves. She took 1,517 women, men and children to the bottom of  the ocean  with  her, including some of the most  famous  names of  her  time. It was  great ever disaster of  nineteenth century. Only 706 passengers and crew would survive the disaster.

One recent scientific theory holds that the moon's extremely close approach to Earth on Jan. 4, 1912, created such strong tides that it sent an array of icebergs south into the Titanic's path.

Technological change is very evident in the Titanic disaster. In an effort to prevent repeating their mistakes, the White Star Line modified several of their existing ships following the Titanic disaster. The changes were based on the design flaws that were assumed to have contributed to the disaster. Along with these design changes, the White Star Line, and all shipbuilding companies at the time, had newly established safety regulations, agreed upon by both the British and American governments, that they had to follow.

Wreck of the RMS Titanic

When the ship split in two at the surface, the stern section plummeted into the seabed, the stern itself  facing the ripped opening of  the bow section. The wreck of the RMS Titanic is located about 370 miles (600 km) south-southeast of the coast of Newfoundland, lying at a depth of about 12,500 feet (3,800 m). Until 1 September 1985, the location of the wreck was unknown. The wreck of RMS Titanic was discovered more than 73 years after its sinking, south of Newfoundland in the North Atlantic ocean, by a joint American-French expedition, led by oceanographer Jean-Louis Michel (Ifremer) and Dr. Robert Ballard (WHOI). The most notable discovery the team made was that the ship had split apart. Approximately 5,500 artefacts have been removed from the wreck. In 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998 and 2000, RMS Titanic Inc. carried out an intensive series of dives that led to the recovery of over 4,000 items in the first two expeditions alone.

Display in Museums

Many of these recoveries were put on display at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England, and later as part of a travelling museum exhibit. The Merseyside Maritime Museum in the Titanic's home port of Liverpool also has an extensive collection  of  artefacts  from  the  wreck  located  within a permanent  exhibition  named 'Titanic, Lusitania and the Forgotten Empress'.

Visitors flow

Tourist  and  scientific visits to Titanic are still continuing. By April 2012,  100 years  since  the disaster and  nearly  25 since  the discovery of  the wreck, around 140 people  had  visited. On 14 April 2012 (the 100 th anniversary of the ship's sinking), the wreck of the Titanic became eligible for protection as a UNESCO  World  Heritage Site, and in the same month, Robert Ballard, the wreck's discoverer, has announced  of a plan to preserve the wreck of the Titanic by using deep-sea robots to paint the wreck with anti-fouling  paint, to help keep the wreck in its current state for all time.

Many scientists, including  are concerned  that visits by tourists  in  submersibles and the recovery of artifacts are hastening the decay of the wreck. Under water  microbes  have  been  eating  away at Titanic's steel since the ship sank, but because of  the extra damage caused  by visitors the National  Oceanic and  Atmospheric Administration estimates that `the hull and structure of  the ship may collapse to the ocean floor  within the next 50 years.`